Nutrition must be adapted to a person's health status. Various diseases affect biological processes in the body, so it is necessary to change the nutrient requirements. Diet programs are used to achieve these changes. Diet is an important part of the therapeutic nutrition prescribed by the doctor, affecting the course of the disease, recovery, elimination of obesity and excess weight.
Diet - what is it (therapeutic diet, diet for weight loss)?
"A diet (from the Greek diaita, Δίαιτα) is a controlled intake of food and liquids, aimed at achieving a specific goal. The term "diet" can be used in several different ways: a hospital (official) diet, a program to lose weight, maintain or changehealth, long-term nutritional system (supported by lifestyle or philosophy). "This is how wiki describes diet (Wikipedia. org).
Principles of nutritional nutrition:
- use of high quality raw materials;
- reduction of product heat treatment;
- reduce the use of hot spices;
- increase the use of vegetables (dill, parsley, lemon instead of vinegar);
- depending on the disease - increase/decrease of certain nutrients;
- eat normally (5 times a day, for diabetes - 6 times a day);
- emphasis on the taste of food - increasing appetite in the patient.
Diet is a broad concept. Such a nutrition program does not imply hunger or sudden changes that lead to deterioration of the condition.
Type of diet
The goal of changing your diet may be to lose weight—some nutrition programs focus on weight loss. This term refers to the most commonly known circuit. The next reason to observe dietary restrictions is the presence of disease. Such a program is prescribed by a doctor; It is not recommended to follow them independently, without making a diagnosis (especially by unhealthy people). Other diet goals are more specific. It includes improving the quality of hair, nails and skin. There are also diets for building, strengthening muscle mass, food schemes for overall improvement of immunity, etc.
Diet is associated with detoxification of the body. This is also a dietary change, restriction, but short-term.
Medical diet (table)
In the presence of disease, it is important to ensure not only the provision of dietary technology, but also a professional relationship with the patient. Even in the context of dietary changes, one should be able to make food choices in consultation with a nutritionist.
What is diet in medical terms? Today, the classification of diet programs (schedules) usually looks like this:
- NPO (N) - hunger strike.
- 0S - tea room. Tea, unsweetened or sweetened. Prescribed to patients who cannot take food orally.
- No. 2 - soft. Recommended for patients with gastrointestinal disorders and acute vascular disease.
- No. 3 - basic, rational diet. Adheres to adult patients and older children who do not require dietary restrictions.
- 4S - low fat. Prescribed for acute pancreatitis, inflammation of the gallbladder during the transition to oral feeding.
- No. 4 - low fat. Recommended for chronic diseases of the liver, pancreas and gall bladder (usually after switching from the stricter 4S).
- No. 5 - waste free. Observed for disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
- No. 6 - low protein. Suitable for patients with chronic kidney failure.
- No. 8 - low in calories. Prescribed to obese people who do not need gentle dietary adjustment, patients with hyperlipoproteinemia, type 1 and type 2 obesity (the diet contains more than 5000 kJ per day, so compliance with the diet is relatively easy).
- No. 9 - diabetes. Recommended for diabetics.
- 9S - mild diabetes. Diabetic version of a soft diet.
- No. 10 - without salt. Usually not part of the nutritional system, because all diets involve cooking food without adding salt (ready-made dishes are salted as needed).
- No. 11 - nutritious. Intended for patients who need increased energy and increased body weight.
- No. 12 - baby. If necessary, prescribed to children aged 1. 5-3 years.
- No. 13 - children's room. Suitable for ages 3-15 years.
- Gluten-free - gluten-free diet. Intended for patients suffering from gluten intolerance (celiac disease).
- Low phosphorus dialysis diet. Observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Today there are also vegetarian diet options.
The most popular diet for weight loss
A low-energy diet is a nutritional program aimed at reducing body weight, which is an important method for treating overweight and obesity. The most common purpose is to eliminate excess fat. An effective diet plan for weight loss should reduce fat tissue in the body evenly. But it is often noticed by people (mostly young girls) who are not overweight, but feel the need to lose weight due to fatigue.
Weight loss can be caused by the loss of not only fat, but also water and muscle. Therefore, there is no direct relationship between fat content and body weight. Muscle loss during weight loss can be reduced through exercise and proper food choices. Improper diet poses health hazards. It can also have the opposite effect (after weight loss, fat deposits form again - the so-called "yo-yo effect").
People need nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water. Essential amino acids (protein components) are important for cell production, especially muscle cells. Essential fatty acids are involved in the formation of brain cells. Vitamins and minerals are important for many functions. The amount of energy varies depending on a person's age. For adults, the optimal intake is 1200–1500 kcal/day.
Among the most famous diet programs for weight loss are the following meal plans.
Ducan Diet
This is a weight loss diet published by the French nutritionist, Dr. Pierre Dukan in the book "I Can't Lose Weight. " It is based on 4 different periods:
- first - 2-10 days;
- second - 14 days;
- third - depending on the number of kilograms lost (1 kg = 10 days of the third stage);
- fourth - always.
Each phase has permitted and prohibited products. The scheme is developed from the most intense phase (only protein-containing foods are eaten) to the final phase (everything is eaten while observing a protein day once a week). A necessary part of the weight loss process is the drinking regimen.
Box diet
This nutrition program is based on eating food in limited quantities, but more often.
The box diet works on the principle of a fixed dose of food. The goal is to get into the habit of eating small amounts of food at regular intervals, without overeating, and eating large portions 3 times a day.
Paleolithic diet
The Paleolithic Program, also called the paleo diet or the stone age diet, is often referred to as a lifestyle. A person following a Paleo diet approximates the diet of prehistoric humans during the Paleolithic era, the longest period in human history, lasting about 3 million years. During this period, people did not know agriculture, they obtained food by hunting and gathering. But hunter-gatherer diets were and remain high in calories. It also contains more carbohydrates than the typical modern diet.
Proponents of this dietary pattern suggest that human digestion is not evolutionarily adapted to agricultural products (cereals, dairy products).
Therefore, when following the paleo diet, agricultural products are excluded or limited from the diet:
- cereals;
- legumes;
- bread;
- milk;
- cheese;
- semi-finished products, etc.
This menu consists mainly of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, nuts, eggs. It also includes fats (avocado, coconut, olive oil, lard).
Breuss diet
The Breuss Diet is a nutritional program named after its author, Rudolf Breuss, an Austrian electrician and healer (sometimes called a doctor, but he never studied at a specialized university). This diet was originally an alternative medicine method that offered a cure for cancer. Its essence lies in the "starvation of the tumor", its life is only from the solid components of food.
Thanks to the "side effects" of weight loss, the Breuss diet plan began to be used to get rid of excess weight.
It consists of 42 days of abstinence from solid food. Only selected vegetable juices and herbal teas are drunk. Juice is industrially produced from organically grown vegetables. It can be prepared at home, but industrial juices are sterilized and, in addition to vegetable components, contain lactic acid bacteria.
Protein diet
Also known as the "protein", "cyclic ketogenic", "ketone" or "keto" diet. This is a scientifically proven method that produces good weight loss results in just a few weeks. Dr. Russell Wilder used it for medical purposes already in 1921. The father of its modern version can be considered Professor George L. Blackburn, who studied the burning of stored fat by the human body.
With conventional forms of weight loss, the body can reduce up to 40% of muscle mass. But muscle is the main fat burner. As a result, after the end of the dietary restriction, the metabolism cannot accommodate the amount of energy in the diet that was present before the diet change. A yo-yo effect occurs. Professor Blackburn identified the state of ketosis and its possible activation in the body. Its main benefit is weight loss by burning stored fat and preserving muscle mass, which minimizes the risk of the yo-yo effect.
Mayer's diet
This is a weight loss technique developed by Dr. Franz Xavier Mayer. It consists of limiting the consumption of calories, protein, fat, fruits and vegetables. Dry hard bread with water is eaten. Chewing bread causes an increase in saliva, which improves digestion. Drinking causes diarrhea, which removes harmful deposits from the body.
Today, the popularity of this method is decreasing (for obvious reasons).
Separate food
This scheme is based on the assumption that proteins require an acidic environment in the stomach, while carbohydrates require an alkaline environment. Therefore, protein foods should not be taken at the same time as carbohydrate foods. This helps to prevent the neutralization of digestive juices, thereby preventing digestive disorders. When neutralized, neither fat nor protein can be effectively broken down; carbohydrates ferment and proteins decay, producing toxic waste.
Therefore, separate nutrition is not a diet as such. These are lifestyle changes, diet adjustments. The basis is a combination of proteins and neutral foods or carbohydrates and neutral foods (or the use of only neutral foods). It is also important to maintain a regular diet and take food in smaller portions. By reducing energy consumption, separate meals also work as a weight loss method.
IMPORTANT! Informative article! Before use, you need to consult a specialist.